As our beloved canine companions age, we may notice changes in their behavior.
While some changes are a normal part of aging, others could be signs of a more serious condition. One such condition is dog dementia, also known as canine cognitive dysfunction (CCD).
What is Dog Dementia?
Canine cognitive dysfunction is a neurodegenerative disorder that affects a senior dog’s brain. It is similar to Alzheimer’s disease in humans. The condition is caused by age-related changes in the brain, leading to a decline in cognitive function. This cognitive decline can impact a dog’s memory, learning, and overall awareness.
Studies show that dog dementia is quite common. Approximately 28% of dogs aged 11-12 years and 68% of dogs aged 15-16 years show at least one sign of cognitive dysfunction [2]. As the canine population ages, the prevalence of canine cognitive dysfunction is expected to increase.
Causes of Dog Dementia
The primary cause of dog dementia is the aging process. As a dog ages, the brain undergoes changes that can lead to cognitive dysfunction. These changes include the buildup of a protein called beta-amyloid, which is toxic to brain cells [1]. This process is similar to what happens in the brains of humans with Alzheimer’s disease.
This buildup of toxic proteins leads to the death of neurons, particularly in the areas of the brain responsible for memory and learning. This damage to the brain is what causes the behavioral changes seen in a dog with dementia.
Signs of Dementia in Dogs
The signs of dementia in dogs can be subtle at first and become more pronounced over time. A common acronym used to remember the signs of canine cognitive dysfunction is DISHA:
- Disorientation: Your dog may get lost in familiar places, stare blankly at walls, or get stuck in corners.
- Interactions: You may notice changes in your dog’s interactions with you and other pets. A once independent dog may become clingy, or a friendly dog may become withdrawn.
- Sleep-wake cycle changes: Your dog’s sleep patterns may change. They might sleep more during the day and be restless or vocal at night.
- House soiling: A previously house-trained dog may start having accidents indoors.
- Activity level changes: Your dog’s activity levels may change. They might become more restless and pace, or they may show less interest in playing or going for walks.
Some veterinarians use an expanded acronym, DISHAAL, which includes:
- Anxiety: Your dog may develop new fears or phobias, become more anxious when left alone, or show signs of general nervousness.
- Learning and memory: Your dog may have difficulty learning new things or forget previously learned commands.
If you notice any of these signs in your senior dog, it is important to consult with your vet.
Diagnosing Dog Dementia
There is no single test to diagnose dog dementia. Your veterinarian will start by performing a thorough physical exam and taking a detailed history of your dog’s symptoms. They will also likely recommend blood and urine tests to rule out other medical conditions that can cause similar signs, such as arthritis, kidney disease, or urinary tract infections.
In some cases, your vet may recommend advanced imaging, such as an MRI, to rule out other brain conditions like tumors. A diagnosis of canine cognitive dysfunction syndrome is typically made after other medical causes for the symptoms have been ruled out.
Treating and Managing Dog Dementia
While there is no cure for dog dementia, there are ways to manage the condition and improve your dog’s quality of life. Treatment for a dog with dementia often involves a multi-modal approach, including dietary changes, environmental enrichment, medication, and supplements.
Diet and Nutrition
Certain diets and supplements can help support brain health in a senior dog. Diets rich in antioxidants, omega-3 fatty acids, and medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) have been shown to be beneficial. Your veterinarian may recommend a prescription diet specifically formulated for brain health, such as Hill’s b/d, Purina NeuroCare, or Royal Canin Veterinary Canine Mature Consult [1].
Supplements that may help your dog include SAMe, Senilife, and Aktivait. Always consult with your veterinarian before starting any new supplements.
Environmental Enrichment
Keeping your dog’s brain active is crucial. You can keep your dog mentally stimulated through:
- Interactive puzzle toys
- Regular, gentle exercise
- Teaching new tricks or reinforcing old ones
- Social interaction with people and other dogs
Simple changes to your home environment can also help a dog with dementia. These include:
- Providing a comfortable and easily accessible bed
- Using nightlights to help your dog navigate in the dark
- Sticking to a consistent daily routine
- Avoiding major changes to your home layout
Medications
Your veterinarian may prescribe medications to help manage the symptoms of canine cognitive dysfunction. Selegiline is an FDA-approved medication that can help improve brain function in dogs with cognitive dysfunction syndrome [3]. Other medications may be prescribed to address specific symptoms like anxiety or sleep disturbances.
Improving Your Dog’s Quality of Life
Living with a dog with dementia can be challenging, but there are many things you can do to help your dog and maintain their quality of life. Patience and understanding are key. Your dog could have good days and bad days, so it’s important to be flexible and supportive.
Regular veterinary check-ups are essential to monitor your dog’s condition and adjust their treatment plan as needed. With proper management, a dog may continue to live a happy and comfortable life even after they develop dementia.
If you are concerned that your senior dog may be showing signs of cognitive decline, don’t hesitate to speak with your vet. Early diagnosis and intervention can make a significant difference in managing canine cognitive dysfunction and ensuring your furry friend enjoys their golden years to the fullest.
References
[1] Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine. (2025, October 21). Cognitive dysfunction syndrome. Retrieved from https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/riney-canine-health-center/canine-health-topics/cognitive-dysfunction-syndrome
[2] American Kennel Club. (2023, July 6). Dementia in Dogs: Signs, Symptoms, and Treatments. Retrieved from https://www.akc.org/expert-advice/health/dog-dementia/
[3] PetMD. (2025, August 6). What Is Dog Dementia? Signs of Canine Dementia and How To Help Your Dog. Retrieved from https://www.petmd.com/dog/conditions/neurological/signs-of-dog-dementia
